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Article 3 created the Judical branch. The fledgling government needed a court system to settle disputes and make laws.
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Article 3 created the supreme court. All court cases that can not be handled locally or are too large go on to the supreme court for a decision.
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Federal judges get appointed, not elected. They must stay on the bench until they retire, die or get removed due to misconduct.
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Article 4 grants a trial by jury in a court of law. The jury meets and votes on a sentence depending on the severity of a crime committed.
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The Judicial branch of government interprets laws and makes sure they have been followed properly. It also determines innocence or guilt in a court of law.